Terraform for dummies part 6: Deploy a static website on Alibaba Cloud

Intro

3 years ago, I started the terraform for dummies series where I wanted to deploy a static website in any cloud provider there was (the dummy in question was me duh:)). But the mistake most of us make is to think AWS, Azure, GCP, Oracle Cloud are the only Hyperscalers out there.

Wrong!
Alibaba Cloud market share even stole GCP’s 3rd place in 2021 (9.5% or $8.7 Billion). It has also moved from “Niche Players” to the “Visionaries” quadrant since in the Gartner Cloud infrastructure report.

You can learn more about AliCloud services, on my previous post > Intro to Alibaba Cloud

In this 6th tutorial (as done for AWS/Azure/GCP/OCI), we will deploy a webserver with a custom homepage.
We’ll cover 2 deployments (VPC + Instance) before ending with some thoughts on AliCloud experience/challenges.

Here’s a direct link to my GitHub repo linked to this lab => terraform-examples/terraform-provider-alicloud

Content :
I. Terraform setup
IV. Partial deployment (VPC)
V. Full deployment (instance)
Alibaba Cloud experience (hits and misses)

Overview

Topology

The below shows the layers involved between your workstation and AliCloud while provisioning through terraform.

Where do I find a good AliCLoud deployment sample?

You can either check the AliCloud registry, their GitgHub examples, or create a resource from the console then use the terraform import function to generate the deployment in HCL format (vpc,instance,subnet,etc..) based on their id.

Example for a VPC >>

1- Create a shell resource declaration for the vpc ina file called vpc.tf

2- Get the id of the VPC resource from your AliCloud Console

3- Run the Terraform import then Terraform show to load the vpc’s full declaration on the same file (vpc.tf)

4- Now you can remove the id and all non required attributes to create a vpc resource

1- $ vi vpc.tf 

  provider "alicloud" {     region = "us-east-1"    }
  resource "alicloud_vpc" "terra_vpc" {
   }
2- $ terraform import alicloud_vpc.terra_vpc vpc-0xio5hkexl4c43jpqw5yw
3- $ terraform show -no-color > vpc.tf

Terraform lab content

VPC Deployment:To grasp the basics of a single network resource deployment.
Instance Deployment: includes the instance provisioning (with above vpc) with a nginx web sever.

I.Terraform setup

Windows: Download and run the installer from their website (32-bit ,64-bit)

Linux Download, unzip and move the binary to the local bin directory

$ wget https://releases.hashicorp.com/terraform/1.0.3/terraform_1.0.3_linux_amd64.zip
$ unzip terraform_1.0.3_linux_amd64.zip
$ mv terraform /usr/local/bin/
$ terraform --version
  Terraform v1.0.3

AliCloud authentication

Same as AWS, you will need to provide both access_key_id & secret_access_key. This can be done by Including them within environment variables (TF_VAR_*) or using terraform.tfvars

Assumptions

I’ll assume either of the two above options are present/configured in your workstation:

Example: using environment variables

EXPORT TF_VAR_access_key = "<my_access_key_id>"  
EXPORT TF_VAR_secret_key = "<my_secret_key>"

I’ll also assume you have an ssh key pair to attach to your ecs instance. If not, here is a handy command

$  ssh-keygen -P "" -t rsa -b 2048 -m pem -f ~/.ssh/id_rsa_ali
     Generating public/private rsa key pair.

II. Clone the repository

Pick an area on your file system to hold the terraform config and issue the following command.

$ git clone https://github.com/brokedba/terraform-examples.git

Note: You will find 2 directories inside the repository which will make things easier:

terraform-provider-alicloud/create-vpc/ Single VPC deploy.
terraform-provider-alicloud/launch-instance Web instance deploy.

III. Provider setup

Install and setup the alicloud provider for our VPC config

Cd Into terraform-provider-ali/create-vpc where our configurations resides

ubuntu $ cd ~/terraform-examples/terraform-provider-ali/create-vpc

Alicloud provider will be automatically installed by terraform init.

$ terraform init
  Initializing provider plugins...
  - Finding aliyun/alicloud versions matching "1.211.2"...
  - Downloading plugin for provider "alicloud" (aliyun/alicloud) 1.211.2...


$ terraform --version
  Terraform v1.0.3
  + provider.a v1.211.2   ---> the provider is now installed

Let’s see what’s in the create-vpc directory (click to see content)

$ tree
  .
  |-- outputs.tf        ---> displays resources detail after the deploy
  |-- variables.tf      ---> Resource variables needed for the deploy   
  |-- vpc.tf            ---> Our vpc terraform declaration
  |—- terraform.tfvars  ---> Our authentication variables to alicloud

IV. VPC Deployment

This will create several components including a resource group, VPC, Vswitch (subnet) and a security group

Once the authentication (access_key_id/secret) set, we can run terraform plan

$ terraform plan
   Refreshing Terraform state in-memory prior to plan... 
  ------------------------------------------------------------------------
  An execution plan has been generated and is shown below.
    Terraform will perform the following actions:

    # alicloud_resource_manager_resource_group.rg will be created  
    + "alicloud_resource_manager_resource_group" "rg" 
    {..}
    # alicloud_security_group.terra_sg will be created
    + resource "alicloud_security_group" "terra_sg" {
    + display_name        = "TerraDemo-rg"
    {..} 
    # alicloud_security_group_rule.allow_http_80 will be created
    + resource "alicloud_security_group_rule"  "allow_http_80" 
    + cidr_ip           = "0.0.0.0/0"
    + policy            = "accept"
    + port_range        = "80/80"
    {..}
    # alicloud_security_group_rule.allow_http_22 will be created
    + resource "alicloud_security_group_rule"  "allow_http_22" 
    {..}
    # alicloud_security_group_rule.allow_http_443 will be created
    + resource "alicloud_security_group_rule"  "allow_http_443" 
    {..}
    # alicloud_vpc.terra_vpc will be created
    + resource "alicloud_vpc" "terra_vpc" {
    ...
    + cidr_block             = "192.168.10.0/16"
   ...}
    # alicloud_vswitch.terra_sub will be created
    + resource "alicloud_vswitch" "terra_sub" {
    ...
    + cidr_block             = "192.168.0.0/24"
    ...
    + zone_id              = "us-east-1b"               
    {..}

  Plan: 7 to add, 0 to change, 0 to destroy.

Note: I deliberately kept only relevant attributes for the VPC resource plan

Next, we can finally run terraform deploy to create a resource group , VPC, Vswitch and SG

$ terraform apply -auto-approve
alicloud_vpc.terra_vpc: Creating...
...
Apply complete! Resources: 6 added, 0 changed, 0 destroyed.
Subnet_CIDR = "192.168.10.0/24"
Subnet_Name = "terrasub"
vpc_CIDR = "192.168.0.0/16"
vpc_dedicated_security_group_Name = "terra-sg"
vpc_dedicated_security_ingress_rules = tolist([
  "allow_https_22:  22/22 , CIDR: 0.0.0.0/0",
  "allow_http_80:   80/80 , CIDR: 0.0.0.0/0",
  "allow_https_443: 443/443 , CIDR: 0.0.0.0/0",
])
vpc_id = "vpc-0xi0eft7h4mq33yx7s0hn"
vpc_name = "Terravpc"

Observations:

When setting security groups, the `nic_type` parameter must be set to intranet when linked to a VPC, while registry doc says the default value is internet (this will fire an error).

Now let’s destroy the VPC as the next instance deploy contains the same VPC specs.

$ terraform destroy -auto-approve

Destroy complete! Resources: 7 destroyed.

V. Full deployment (Instance)

Let’s launch a full instance deployment from scratch by switching to the second directory
`terraform-provider-alicloud/launch-instance/`

Here’s the content:

$ tree ./terraform-provider-alicloud/launch-instance
.
|-- cloud-init           ---> SubFolder
|   `--> vm.cloud-config ---> script to config a webserver & add a HomePage
|-- compute.tf    ---> Instance related terraform configuration
|-- outputs.tf    ---> displays the resources detail at the end of the deploy
|-- variables.tf  ---> Resource variables needed for the deploy   
|-- vpc.tf        ---> same vpc terraform declaration deployed earlier

compute.tf holds the ecs instance block. All the rest comes from the vpc example.
— “ Cloud-init subfolder” —
Cloud-init: is a cloud instance initialization method that executes tasks upon instance Startup by providing the user_data entry in the aclicloud_instance resource definition (See below).

...variable "user_data" { default = "./cloud-init/vm.cloud-config"} 
    
 $ vi compute.tf
resource "alicloud_instance" "terra_inst" {
...
user_data                    = filebase64(var.user_data)
...

I used cloud-init to install nginx and load an html page that will be the server’s HomePage.
Make sure you set the path for ssh public key accordingly in the variable (see variables.tf)

resource "alicloud_key_pair" "terra_key" {
   key_name   = var.key_name
   public_key = file(var.ssh_public_key)}

LAUNCH THE INSTANCE

Cd in “launch-instance” directory, run the init , then plan command to validate the ecs instance info.

$ terraform plan
   Refreshing Terraform state in-memory prior to plan... 
  ------------------------------------------------------------------------
  An execution plan has been generated and is shown below.
    Terraform will perform the following actions:

  ... # VPC declaration <----------------- (see previous vpc deploy) 
  ...
  # alicloud_resource_manager_resource_group.rg will be created
   + resource "alicloud_resource_manager_resource_group" "rg" {
      + display_name  = "TerraDemo-rg")
      ...}

 # alicloud_instance.terra_inst will be created
  + resource "alicloud_instance" "terra_inst" {
    + ...
    + image_id                 = "centos_7_9_uefi_x64_20G_alibase_20230816.vhd"  
    + availability_zone        = "us-east-1a"   
    + instance_name            = "ecs.c5.large" 
    + host_name            = "TerraHost" 
    + instance_type            = "ecs.c5.large" 
    + key_name                 = "demo_ali_KeyPair"
    + private_ip              = "192.168.10.51"
    + instance_charge_type     = "PostPaid"
    + internet_charge_type     = "PayByTraffic"
    + user_data                = "c8c701575f9c76db131ccf77cf352da……"
    + system_disk_size         = 20
    + stopped_mode             = "StopCharging"
    + ...
    + ...}
   
  # alicloud_key_pair.key_pair will be created
  + resource "alicloud_key_pair" "key_pair" {
    {...}
   ...
  }
  Plan: 9 to add, 0 to change, 0 to destroy.

Let’s launch our instance using terraform apply (I left a map of different OS images in the variables.tf)

$ terraform apply -auto-approve
...
alicloud_vpc.terra_vpc: Creating...
alicloud_key_pair.key_pair: Creation complete after 2s [id=demo_ali_KeyPair]
alicloud_vpc.terra_vpc: Creation complete after 11s [id=vpc-0xiug9rc5utxaj3wl39a4]
alicloud_security_group.terra_sg: Creation complete after 1s [id=sg-0xiis3c92f51bgmybx4c]
alicloud_vswitch.terra_sub: Creation complete after 7s [id=vsw-0xi6lj5g2hvlaleytf54a] 
alicloud_instance.terra_inst: Creating... [10s elapsed]
alicloud_instance.terra_inst: Creating... 17s [id=i-0xi6p7buqfj6902i8ul5]

...
Apply complete! Resources: 9 added, 0 changed, 0 destroyed.

Outputs:
...
vpc_Name    = Terravpc
vpc_CIDR    = 192.168.0.0/16
Subnet_CIDR = 192.168.10.0/24
private_ip  = "192.168.10.51"
public_ip   = "47.89.159.135"
vpc_dedicated_security_ingress_rules = [
  "allow_https_80 :  80/80   , CIDR: 0.0.0.0/0",
  "allow_https_443:  443/443 , CIDR: 0.0.0.0/0",
  "allow_https_22:  22/22   , CIDR: 0.0.0.0/0",
]
SSH_Connection = ssh connection to instance TerraCompute ==>  ssh -i ~/id_rsa_ali root@47.89.159.135

Once the instance is provisioned, juts hit the public IP address in your browser and Voila!
Here I just embedded a video clip into the webpage but you can adapt the cloud-init file to your own liking.
You can also tear down this configuration with a terraform destroy

Tips

You can fetch any of the specified attributes in outputs.tf using terraform output command i.e:

$ terraform output SSH_Connection
ssh connection to instance TerraCompute ==> ssh -i ~/.ssh/id_rsa_ali root@47.89.159.135

Sometimes an instance type is not available in the specified region/AZ, you’d have to switch the zones

$ terraform apply
Error: [ERROR]
│    StatusCode: 403
│    Code: Zone.NotOnSale
│  Message: code: 403, The resource in the specified zone is no longer available
 for sale
------------>fix: switch from us-east-1b to us-east-b

Alibaba Cloud Hits and Misses

Pros

I was really impressed by the speed at which the compute instances were spun (17seconds)
No brainer for those who have the majority of their business and customers in south Asian region
High availability option in China regions is insane.i.e Beijing region has a whooping 12 Availability zones
Different billing types like Prepaid/Postpaid, By traffic/By Bandwidth, even via Paypal.

Cons

AliCloud lacks popularity & support in the community (fewer blogs/articles) or maybe most of it is Chinese.
It can be a headache to find Zones supporting the service you want to deploy especially out of Asia.
The learning curve is a bit stiff once you go beyond the simple sandbox, The doc alone won’t cut it.
Customers Should Choose Regions, Zones out of choice not because it’s the only one that’s not sold out.
There is no way to extract a Zone id based on it’s region in the alicloud_zones Data block:

CONCLUSION

We just demonstrated how to quickly deploy an instance using terraform in AliCloud
Alibaba Cloud presents impressive strengths, especially for businesses operating in specific regions
However, it does come with challenges, such as limited global community support &potential complexities.
This is probably the last chapter of this Series unless I decide to add Kubenetes to the party
Time will tell 🙂

Thank you for reading!

Intro

3 years ago, I started the terraform for dummies series where I wanted to deploy a static website in any cloud provider there was (the dummy in question was me duh:)). But the mistake most of us make is to think AWS, Azure, GCP, Oracle Cloud are the only Hyperscalers out there.

Wrong! Alibaba Cloud market share even stole GCP’s 3rd place in 2021 (9.5% or $8.7 Billion). It has also moved from “Niche Players” to the “Visionaries” quadrant since in the Gartner Cloud infrastructure report.

You can learn more about AliCloud services, on my previous post > Intro to Alibaba Cloud

In this 6th tutorial (as done for AWS/Azure/GCP/OCI), we will deploy a webserver with a custom homepage.We’ll cover 2 deployments (VPC + Instance) before ending with some thoughts on AliCloud experience/challenges.

Here’s a direct link to my GitHub repo linked to this lab => terraform-examples/terraform-provider-alicloud

Content :I. Terraform setup IV. Partial deployment (VPC) V. Full deployment (instance) Alibaba Cloud experience (hits and misses)

Overview

Topology

The below shows the layers involved between your workstation and AliCloud while provisioning through terraform.

1- Create a shell resource declaration for the vpc ina file called vpc.tf

2- Get the id of the VPC resource from your AliCloud Console

3- Run the Terraform import then Terraform show to load the vpc’s full declaration on the same file (vpc.tf)

4- Now you can remove the id and all non required attributes to create a vpc resource

Terraform lab content

VPC Deployment:To grasp the basics of a single network resource deployment.

Instance Deployment: includes the instance provisioning (with above vpc) with a nginx web sever.

I.Terraform setup

Windows: Download and run the installer from their website (32-bit ,64-bit)

Linux Download, unzip and move the binary to the local bin directory

AliCloud authentication

Same as AWS, you will need to provide both access_key_id & secret_access_key. This can be done by Including them within environment variables (TF_VAR_*) or using terraform.tfvars

Assumptions

I’ll assume either of the two above options are present/configured in your workstation: Example: using environment variables EXPORT TF_VAR_access_key = "<my_access_key_id>" EXPORT TF_VAR_secret_key = "<my_secret_key>"

I’ll also assume you have an ssh key pair to attach to your ecs instance. If not, here is a handy command

$ ssh-keygen -P "" -t rsa -b 2048 -m pem -f ~/.ssh/id_rsa_ali Generating public/private rsa key pair.

II. Clone the repository

Pick an area on your file system to hold the terraform config and issue the following command.

Note: You will find 2 directories inside the repository which will make things easier:

terraform-provider-alicloud/create-vpc/ Single VPC deploy.

terraform-provider-alicloud/launch-instance Web instance deploy.

III. Provider setup

Install and setup the alicloud provider for our VPC config

Cd Into terraform-provider-ali/create-vpc where our configurations resides

Alicloud provider will be automatically installed by terraform init.

Let’s see what’s in the create-vpc directory (click to see content)

IV. VPC Deployment

This will create several components including a resource group, VPC, Vswitch (subnet) and a security group

Once the authentication (access_key_id/secret) set, we can run terraform plan

Note: I deliberately kept only relevant attributes for the VPC resource plan

Next, we can finally run terraform deploy to create a resource group , VPC, Vswitch and SG

Observations:

When setting security groups, the nic_type parameter must be set to intranet when linked to a VPC, while registry doc says the default value is internet (this will fire an error).

Now let’s destroy the VPC as the next instance deploy contains the same VPC specs.

V. Full deployment (Instance)

Let’s launch a full instance deployment from scratch by switching to the second directory terraform-provider-alicloud/launch-instance/

Here’s the content:

I used cloud-init to install nginx and load an html page that will be the server’s HomePage.

Make sure you set the path for ssh public key accordingly in the variable (see variables.tf)

LAUNCH THE INSTANCE

Cd in “launch-instance” directory, run the init , then plan command to validate the ecs instance info.

Let’s launch our instance using terraform apply (I left a map of different OS images in the variables.tf)

Once the instance is provisioned, juts hit the public IP address in your browser and Voila!

Here I just embedded a video clip into the webpage but you can adapt the cloud-init file to your own liking.

You can also tear down this configuration with a terraform destroy

Tips

You can fetch any of the specified attributes in outputs.tf using terraform output command i.e:

Sometimes an instance type is not available in the specified region/AZ, you’d have to switch the zones

Alibaba Cloud Hits and Misses

Pros

I was really impressed by the speed at which the compute instances were spun (17seconds)

No brainer for those who have the majority of their business and customers in south Asian region

High availability option in China regions is insane.i.e Beijing region has a whooping 12 Availability zones

Different billing types like Prepaid/Postpaid, By traffic/By Bandwidth, even via Paypal.

Cons

AliCloud lacks popularity & support in the community (fewer blogs/articles) or maybe most of it is Chinese.

It can be a headache to find Zones supporting the service you want to deploy especially out of Asia.

The learning curve is a bit stiff once you go beyond the simple sandbox, The doc alone won’t cut it.

Customers Should Choose Regions, Zones out of choice not because it’s the only one that’s not sold out.

There is no way to extract a Zone id based on it’s region in the alicloud_zones Data block:

CONCLUSION

We just demonstrated how to quickly deploy an instance using terraform in AliCloud

Alibaba Cloud presents impressive strengths, especially for businesses operating in specific regions

However, it does come with challenges, such as limited global community support &potential complexities.

This is probably the last chapter of this Series unless I decide to add Kubenetes to the party Time will tell 🙂

Wrong!
Alibaba Cloud market share even stole GCP’s 3rd place in 2021 (9.5% or $8.7 Billion). It has also moved from “Niche Players” to the “Visionaries” quadrant since in the Gartner Cloud infrastructure report.

In this 6th tutorial (as done for AWS/Azure/GCP/OCI), we will deploy a webserver with a custom homepage.
We’ll cover 2 deployments (VPC + Instance) before ending with some thoughts on AliCloud experience/challenges.

Content :
I. Terraform setup
IV. Partial deployment (VPC)
V. Full deployment (instance)
Alibaba Cloud experience (hits and misses)

I’ll assume either of the two above options are present/configured in your workstation:

Example: using environment variables
`EXPORT TF_VAR_access_key = "<my_access_key_id>" EXPORT TF_VAR_secret_key = "<my_secret_key>"`

`$ ssh-keygen -P "" -t rsa -b 2048 -m pem -f ~/.ssh/id_rsa_ali Generating public/private rsa key pair.`

`terraform-provider-alicloud/create-vpc/ Single VPC deploy.`

`terraform-provider-alicloud/launch-instance Web instance deploy.`

Cd Into `terraform-provider-ali/create-vpc` where our configurations resides

Alicloud provider will be automatically installed by `terraform init`.

Let’s see what’s in the `create-vpc` directory (click to see content)

Once the authentication (access_key_id/secret) set, we can run `terraform plan`

Next, we can finally run `terraform deploy` to create a resource group , VPC, Vswitch and SG

When setting security groups, the `nic_type` parameter must be set to intranet when linked to a VPC, while registry doc says the default value is internet (this will fire an error).

Let’s launch a full instance deployment from scratch by switching to the second directory
`terraform-provider-alicloud/launch-instance/`

Cd in “`launch-instance”` directory, run the init , then plan command to validate the ecs instance info.

This is probably the last chapter of this Series unless I decide to add Kubenetes to the party
Time will tell 🙂